Dysphagia following cardiac surgery

Abstract

Swallowing difficulties, or dysphagia, are an underrecognized side effect after heart surgery that is becoming more frequently documented in the literature. A patient's quality of life, dietary intake, and postoperative recuperation may all be severely hampered. Between 10% and 50% of people experience dysphagia after heart surgery, however, this condition is probably underdiagnosed because of its vague symptoms and overlap with those of postoperative pain and exhaustion. Multiple factors contribute to the pathophysiology of postoperative dysphagia. Trauma related to mechanical ventilation, specifically endotracheal intubation, may be one such process that causes either irreparable or reversible damage to the swallowing muscles or nerves. Due to the previously indicated damage to the pharyngeal and laryngeal structures, swallowing function may also be affected by nasal surgery and relocation. Neurogenic reasons (e.g., cranial nerve injuries, notably of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves) and postoperative abnormalities in esophageal motility and inflammation posterior to the sternum also play a role. Other anatomical defects or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may worsen symptoms in certain patients. Early detection and precise diagnosis are essential for the effective management of dysphagia. Adopting routine postoperative screening for swallowing issues is recommended, particularly for at-risk individuals. Speech and swallowing therapy, dietary modifications, and possibly surgery for anatomical or neurological reasons are all part of the multifaceted treatment plan. Additionally, nutritional care could be required to prevent malnutrition and dehydration. One problem following heart surgery that is frequently underreported is dysphagia. He said more research was necessary to evaluate its frequency, elucidate its biological causes, and identify the most effective treatment, noting that it might affect recovery. This could lead to better results and avoid long-term issues with early intervention and a proactive search strategy. Keywords: cardiovascular surgery, dysphagia symptoms, laryngeal structures, gastroesophageal reflux